A man had been longed to see the fewer things than these, which he could see with the naked eye since long ago. The mastering of technique of brush of lens into glasses by Italian Monks in 14th century was the first step to it. This technology was spread quickly in Europe. Some optics started to show that with helping of lenses we could see things enlarged.

Maybe Dutch’s grinder of lenses and producer of glasses Zacharias Jansen was the first, who constructed applicable microscope about 1590. He used during his construction as the concave [hollow] ones so convection [bulging] ones.

Italian astronomer Anthony van Leewenhoek, Dutch’s merchant with clothes from Delf, he attributed importantly to improving so far primitive equipment. His hobby was blowing glass and fine work with metal. He though out how grinded lenses accurately and how to construct them and fix to produce strong enlarge effect. Thanks his microscope he could watch a structure of fibers from the clothes, which he was selling. Later he started to watch so leaves, flowers and small organisms for example bees or lice. He studied also human blood, skin and hair. As the first on the world he saw and described blood’s cells.

Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
(taken from  http://neon.chemistry.ox.ac.uk/icl/heyes/structure_of_solids/Lecture1/leeuwenhoek.jpg)

Van Leewenhoek however managed the proceless contribution of microscope in many areas his apparatus was with one lens however. This way the possibilities of the apparatus were very limited [because lenses enlarged even 270 x]. In 1665 English physician and chemist Robert Hooke invented so called compound microscope with more lenses. He watched thin and small plate of cork, which was much – frequented material in ship’s industry, he found during it, that cells form the live substations.

Van Leewenhoek`s microscope
(Taken from http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leewenhoek.html)

In medical world for example Frenchman Luis Pasteur used a microscope during the discovery of yeast – plants or Robert Koch during the discovery of bacillus of tuberculoses and cholera.

The German Carl Zeiss produced the first microscope [”Stand 1”] in 1857
(Taken from http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/zeiss.htlm)

In 19^th.century the microscope passes the dramatic development. Carl Zeiss contributed to it especially, who devoted a great strain to production of microscopes and Ernst Abbe, whose name is connected with the theoretic study of optical principles and Otto Schott, who leaded the research of optical glass.

Zeissův´s microscope from 1934
(taken from http://www.neurosurgery.org/cybermuseum/artgallery/collect/room1.html#zeiss)

The optical radial microscope reached in 30ies its theoretical frontier. This is limited 500 multiple or 1000 multiple [2000 multiple] enlarging and distinguishing 0,2 micrometer. Scientists wanted to see detail of cells too. It asked the enlarging 10 000 multiple in a way of a holy order.

Ernst Ruska
(takem from http://neon.chemistry.ox.ac.uk/icl/heyes/structure_of_solids/Lecture1/ruska.jpg)

It was necessary to construct a microscope on other principle. Instead the light beam there is used electronic beam [the flow of quick electrons], instead the lens there is the magnetic lens. The first microscope on this principle was produced in Germany in 1931 and Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska contributed about it especially. It was so called lightening microscope [TEM – transmission Electron Microscope], where electron beams went through researched subject [accelerating tension even 20kV] and they produced shade picture [like example during projecting of slide]. The second type of electron microscope, so called scanning type [SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope] was discovered in 1942 in a commercial way it was however used only 1965, when the scanning managed to rule [gradually bombing with electrons] of the sample [similar as during scanning of photographs]. There is necessary the accelerating tension for electrons 60 till 80 kV and their enlarging is 30 000 multiple and in the combination with optical microscope till 100 000 multiple at this type of microscope.

Electron microscope from 1938
(Taken from http://helios.phycs.utoronto.ca/%7Einteract/microsco/microscopy.htm)