Joseph Nocéphore Niepce
(Taken from http://library.thinkquest.org/16541/eng/learn/library/content/camera.htm)
| Photography |
We can say in the wide a sense of word, that the beginning of photography reached in 1342, when the equipment known as camera obscura was described or till 1519, when the famous Italian ” omniscient Leonardo da Vinci draw it first time. It was a dark chamber with the only small slot, during which light was going, which on the opposite side formed the perverted picture of all, what was in front of the slot. This equipment used some painters to make their work easy. Later a lens was put in the slot, which increased lightness of the equipment. In spite of next improving the principle stayed the same. Next step on the way to photography chemists had to do.
During 16th and 17th century a lot of chemists learned, that some substances let in an opened area changed their color. This change they added the acting of air of heat but not light. Only Johann Henrich Schulze discovered that salt of silver is sensitive on light. It was in 1725. Nearly 100 years later the first chemical picture on paper was created by the combination of these two separate discoveries.
Joseph Nocéphore Niepce
(Taken from http://library.thinkquest.org/16541/eng/learn/library/content/camera.htm)
In 1813 Frenchman Joseph Necephore Niepce took care of it, when he dived paper into the solution of chloride of sodium and then he rinsed it out in the solution of nitrate of silver to condense chloride of silver. After exposition the negative a picture was discovered on the paper. This one disappeared quickly however because stabilization was not known yet and the exposition continued further till the whole paper became be black. After this ”failure” Niepce started to do tests with zinc desks painted with melting asphalt. In 1816 he managed these pictures having caught, stabilized and cauterized. He created the oldest heliogravure this way. This process asked exposition with sun – shine lasting 8 hours. Only buildings could be the first photographical objects for it.
Louis Jacques Daguerre
(Taken from http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/academic/art/arh115/timeline.html)
The certain Frenchman Louis Jacques Daguerre continued in Niepcov`s tests. Quite by a mere chance he discovered in 1835 that it is possible with mercury fume developing the picture invisible caught on the silver board to which the results of iodine fume affected. This was invented so called daguerreotype, the base of technology of photography. For lightening was enough several minutes.
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Daguerreotype of Paris Avenue from 1839. Considering that the long exposition time it appears to be empty. http://www.kbnet.co.uk/rleggat/photo/history/daguerr.htm)
However so the daguerreotype had its problems. Each picture was an original and it was not possible to make a copy of it. So the surface was very sensitive on a touch and this way pictures had to be kept behind of glass like the artwork. Except it the picture was perverted in a mirror way. Even if a mirror put this last lack away later the other problems stayed. In addition there was a high toxicity of used substances.
English physician William Henry Fox Talbot set out the other way. He painted a piece of paper with a thin solution of salt and dried it. After it he painted it still thin solution of nitride of silver and again dried. This way a thin layer of chloride of silver was created on the paper. After it Talbot exposed this way prepared paper about a half of hour. Then he fixed it by iodide of potassium. He discovered later that after adding acid of oak – wort the paper became more sensitive on light and exposition became shorter enough. The positive was produced this way that the negative was put on the next the same way prepared paper and was lighted on the sun. It was developed the same way and fixed. This way collotype was created in 1839.
This cabman was the first figure on the paper photography [14th October 1840]
(taken from http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~giles/photography/coachman.html)
It was so called ” the wet” colloids process, which was invented by Frederick Scott Archer in 1851 [German professor of chemistry in Basle Christian Friedrich Schobein discovered itself colloid in 1846]. In this process was the clean glass board covered colloid which consisted iodide potassium and bromide potassium. Then it was made more sensitive by diving into solution of nitride of silver. Exposition was made in the special holder. Next step was to develop in solution of sulphate of iron and fixing in cyanide of potassium. Washing and drying finished the process. The result was extremely contrasting, fine – grain negative from which could be created positive copies like at the collotype.
This new process had a row of advantages again. Especially it was the high sensitive so the lighting lasted only several seconds, which gave great possibilities to photograph persons. The price was about one ten of the price of daguerreotype. For it’s spreading helped also it that it was not patented. Only one disadvantage stayed. It was the” wet” process desks had to be prepared on the place. And for it there were appeared a lot of photographic tends and caravans.
The last step in the developing of photography was made in 1871. In this Year Richard Leach Maddox created bromide – silver desks with gelatins emulsion. In spite of it that these desks were less sensitive than its previous ones they had conclusive advantage in it that they were ”dry’. George Eastman realized it and after certain improving of these desks he set up their production in 1880. Even if these desks had a row of advantages and they caught in photographic ateliers till the second half of 20th century. During photographing out of atelier they had one disadvantage: during each snap it was necessary to exchange a board. American Hannibal Goodwin helped to remove this last disadvantage that was inventing a film in 1887 the new base material for photographic emulsion. Eastman used his invention during the production of roll films into his apparatus Kodak in 1889, which he started producing just. Nothing stayed in the way to mass development of black and white photography
George Eastman
(taken from http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~giles/photography/history.html)
And who was the first who used the name ”photography”? Maybe it was Sir John Herschel in 1839 in front of The King’s society. In this name are maybe two Greek worlds: light and writing.
